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Over-mature red pine, fire origin. N.B. hardwoods in opening one young red pine in the foreground.

Fire origin white pine, with spruce and eastern white cedar. 90 yrs. Quetico. N.B. hardwood understory. Photo Orie Loucks

Over-mature black spruce on sphagnum peat. Older trees are 210 yrs N.B. younger age classes in openings. Quetico. Photo Orie Loucks.

Earl of Bathurst estate, Wiltshire. Spruce planted in hardwood opening

White spruce, 5 yrs. from planting. CIP Experimental area. Person is Paul Aird.

Natural stand of Pinus densiflora in Nishine, Japan. N.B. poor form and dense woody understory. Photo Carl Heimberger

Boreal forest black spruce & white birch. N.B. decadent birch. North of Prince Albert.

Boreal forest from the air. North of Prince Albert

Atlantic shoreline Balsam fir, north of St. John's. N.B. form and growth.

Natural regeneration of Engelmann spruce and Balsam fir. Northwest power and Paper Co. Hinton